The Police Problem Of An Award Winning Tv Show Southland

This paper will discuss a police problem depicted in an award winning TV-show Southland. This scripted TV-show was based on lives and work of Los Angeles Police Officers. The episodes reviewed for this assignment were from season 5, episodes 1. â€Å"Hats and Bats† originally aired February 13, 2013, and 2. â€Å"Heat,† originally aired February 13, 2013. This TV-show was the first of its kind to resemble of a filming technique often seen in reality TV-shows making the show more realistic in that aspect. Also the themes in the episodes were based on authentic incidents and they were presented form a realistic point of view. This paper will discuss the initial issue of the events, and how they developed and brought up other important issues in†¦show more content†¦Several units responded to the call, some in riot gear, some straight from patrol, also the Los Angeles Police Department helicopter provided air support. One of the rioters threw a large cement brick through a convenient store window causing damage. A responding patrol officer asked another officer who is in charge, but nobody knew. After the incident, an officer said the Sergeant, who was supposed to be the incident commander, â€Å"shrunk into this car and lost his water.† Sergeant was not prepared to take command of the incident, he failed as a leader of the shift, his officers and his community. There was no report of deaths or arrests, but there were injuries and property damage caused by this riot. Another issue surfaced through a statement made by an injured veteran officer, â€Å"I just wish I’d shot more of these bastards. If it was 20 years earlier, had of them would be in the morgue by now, and you and me would be at the bar drinking, right?† He also stated â€Å"mother [bleeb] are lucky that I was shooting rubber bullets.† These statements demonstrate the frustrations and attitudes of a veteran officer towards the community, how policing has changed during this officer’s tenure, and his statements reflect poorly on the law enforcement as a whole. One Field Training Officer leaves the scene with hi s rookie officer after the incident when the peace was restored. The rookie officer in training was

What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport Free Essays

string(30) " decrease in body fat levels\." Chapter one: Introduction Sporting performance can be influenced by many differing factors. Aside from training, nutrition is the most important influence. To reach one’s highest potential, all of the body’s systems must be working optimally (ADA, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alongside a healthy diet many performers supplement an ergogenic aid; increasingly however many others use drugs to gain an advantage over their opposition. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are one such drug used within sport to boost performance. In 1993 more than one million sports participants, ranging from recreational gym users to elite athletes were using anabolic steroids regularly (Yesalis, Kennedy, Kopstein, Bahrke, 1993). More recently it has been reported that 6.1% of 15-18 year olds within US high schools had taken a form of anabolic steroid (ADA, 2003). This review aims to address the rationale behind the use of anabolic steroids, the relative risks and benefits of the drug, as well as previous research within the field, ultimately determining whether sporting organisations are correct in illegalising the drug and providing the reader with the information to make an guided decision for themselves. 1.1 Background to anabolic steroids Anabolic steroids are the derivatives of testosterone (Bahrke and Yesalis, 2002). Primary research of testosterone in 1935 led to the development of AS. Testosterone is the primary natural male hormone. It is responsible for the androgenic and anabolic effects observed during male adolescence and adulthood. By 1935 testosterone had been isolated and chemically characterised (Kockakian and Yesalis, 2000). Testosterone itself is not considered an anabolic steroid due to it retaining its’ full androgenic effect on the body (Herbert, Hapt Rovere, 1984). 1.2 Rationale behind Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids are used, variably, by athletes and others to increase lean body mass, to reduce fat, to enhance performance and sustain periods of training (Hartgens and Kuipers, 2004). Anabolic steroids, dependent on chemical structure, bind to specific androgen protein receptor sites in the sarcoplasm of cells found within skeletal muscles. Complexes are formed through such binding with the product being transported through the cells nuclear membrane to interact with intra-nuclear chromatin and activate RNA polymerase, protein synthesis is triggered. Protein synthesis is the process in which cells build protein (Bruce, 2002) ultimately this increase is protein results in a build up in cellular tissue within the muscle, thus increasing muscular mass. Average male skeletal muscle consists of six to twelve kilograms of protein (McArdle et al., 2010). Strenuous physical activity such as weight training constantly increases the body’s protein requirements, as well as stress up on the body. Both in which Anabolic steroids are rumoured to remedy. Physical activity comprises any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in substantial increase over resting energy expenditure (Bouchard, 2006). In a day and age where millimetres win races, every edge a performer believes they can gain is crucial. Common belief that No one is guilty of steroid use except the other guy, the other team (Yesalis SR, 1934) aids widespread usage. 1.3 Differing types Anabolic steroids can be taken by four different methods: Injection, Orally, Nasally and transdermally. For each method there are countless steroids available (steroids.com, 2010). Most individuals who use anabolic steroids obtain the drugs from the black market (Tolliver, 1998). Table 1 shows the number of steroids currently available on the market. However this list can never be fully complete as athletes, researchers and trainers are always developing new drugs and in particular, combinations of drugs to try pass the stringent tests. Each modification to testosterone results in distinct changes in the deliverability, potency and the body’s adaptive responses to AAS (Hall, 2006). 1.4 Guidelines Anabolic steroids are banned by athletic organisations to protect athletes from potentially harmful side effects (Quinn, 2010). Due to banning by all leading sports organisations it is important to note that no guideline amount can be stated. Doses used by weightlifters and bodybuilders have been at least 100 times those indicated for therapeutic use (Rogol and Yesalis, 1992). Chapter Two: Scientific evidence Following its’ development from 1935 onwards AAS has become one of the most researched performance enhancing substances available. (Celotti and Negri-Cesi, 1992). Almost all research has been into effects the drug has on the physical and psychological body, both positively and negatively. A number of reviews and they’re point of study are available in appendix two following. 2.1 Physical effects – Positive Several studies have examined the positive effects AAS has on both the animal and human body. Despite their development in the 1930s, as recently as 1996 the true anabolic effects were often disputed. Early studies in the physical effects of AAS by Wright (1980) showed that inexperienced weightlifters did not benefit from a dose of AAS but that more experienced weightlifters showed an increase in both muscle and strength. Due to the study coupling protein supplements along with AAS it was widely believed that it was in fact the protein supplement that benefitted the weightlifter, and that the strength was as a result of the extra muscle mass gained by the added protein. Bhasin et al., (1996) remedied all doubt regarding the anabolic properties of AAS. It was shown that a relatively high dose of 600mg/wk added to a group of males performing weight training resulted in a 6.1kg increase in lean muscle mass over a ten-week period. In fact, even males not performing weight training increased lean muscle mass by 3.2kg. This is mirrored by Sjoqvist et al., (2008) who reached a conclusion that since adequate doping tests have been introduced in powerlifting, records have seized to be broken. Herbst and Bhasin (2004) reported that high doses of AS in any adult male resulted in a significant decrease in lipid molecules within the body. A common result of increased muscle mass is an increase in metabolic rate. An increase results in more energy being expended throughout the day than being taken in through the diet. Fat stored in the body is used as a fuel source in situations such as this, thus resulting in a decrease in body fat levels. You read "What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport?" in category "Essay examples" Kuhn (2002) hypothesised that steroids may also block any catabolic effects of glucocorticoids released during training, thus allowing for a high intensity, longer workout. 2.2 Physical effects – Negative Though AAS produces many benefits within the body to enhance athletic performance, many scientists believe that they also result in negative and dangerous consequences. During studies physiological side effects are broken down into: Cardiovascular, Liver, Reproductive and Dermatologic. In relation to cardiovascular, there are many risk factors: blood volume, salt and water retention, hypertension, ventricular function, effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins and blood clotting. Of the above risks most research has been concerned with AAS’s effect on blood lipids and lipoproteins and blood clotting. AAS has an adverse effect on plasma levels of lipids within the blood (Thiblin and Petersson, 2005). This has particularly been present in athletes who took AAS orally (Lombardo et al., 1991). Rockhold (1993) reported high-density lipoproteins (HDL) fell by 22%. The reduction in HDL have been linked with an increasing risk of cardiovascular disease (Wagner, 1991). In terms of blood clotting many animal studies suggest a relationship between AAS dosages and the clotting of blood. The clotting of blood results in several conditions, such as stroke. So far, during study only one death has come from a stroke-linked death (Lombardo et al., 1991). In relation to the liver. Peliosis hepatitis is associated with orally ingested AAS in particular. Tumours can also be caused, though rare. Tumour rupture ultimately prove fatal (Friedl, 2000). Liver failure occurs in extreme cases (Evans, 2004). In men high doses result in quantity and quality of sperm being greatly reduced (Torres et al., 2001). Testicular atrophy ultimately results if long term use continues. There is very little research exploring AAS and the reproductive system of women. Hartgens and Kuipers (2004) showed an increase in clitoral size, reduction in breast size and uncommon menstrual irregularities. Parssinen and Seppala (2002) found that acne and loss of hair were very common dermatological effects in men of using AAS. All effects have been shown to be fully reversible within several months of the dosage being ceased (Friedl, 2000). Haff and the NSCA stated that the effect of long term use of excessive high doses of AAS is virtually unknown. Parssinen and Seppala (2002) conducted a study that followed the participants of the Finnish powerlifting competition in 1977 for a period of 12 years. Premature death was 4.6 higher in these participants than the average population of Finland. As powerlifting does not cause mortality, AAS was widely blamed. 2.3 Psychological effects Psychological and behavioural changes in participants, such as increased aggressiveness and irritability have been presented by Goldman et al., (1984) and Wright (1982). Several reports (Pope and Katz, 1987) suggest that AAS causes clinical depression amongst many other mental disorders. While Schulte, Hall and Boyer (1993) studied one male taking AAS over a four-month period. The subject was observed to become aggressive towards his wife and child. No previous aggressive behaviour had previously been recorded. Steroid abuse would appear to make subjects aggressive and depressed as well as easily irritated. Out of one million or more steroid users within the U.S. in 1993 only an extremely small percentage experience enough disturbances to result in clincical treatment (Yesalis, Kennedy, Kopstein Bahrke, 1993). In terms of psychological benefits it is believed that an improvement in physical looks, as well as the enjoyment of winning would boost confidence as well as a short period of happiness. This however is not a direct effect of AAS and simply an effect of winning and hard work that can be achieved by other means. A summary of all effects found can be found in Appendix two. 2.4 Numbers using anabolic steroids Highest levels of use of AS have been attributed to American football players, weightlifters, powerlifters and bodybuilders since the 1960s (Yesalis, Courson Wright, 2000). Several studies were carried out throughout many years, categorised as: adolescent, college and athlete studies. In 1987 the first national study occurred in the U.S. at adolescent school level by Buckley et al., (1988). Investigations discovered that 6.6% of male school children were/or had taken AAS. 38% of this 6.6% population had taken the performance enhancing substance before the age of 16. In the mid 1990s these findings were confirmed by multiple state studies carried out. Whilst the more prevalent studies have been carried out within the U.S. it is important to note that many other studies in Britain, Sweden and Canada have also taken place. Showing a 1.2 – 5.9% generalised usage (Williamson, 1993). Amoung college atheletes Anderson et al., (1985 – 1993) and the NCAA (1997, 2001) conducted a series of five surveys on both males and females. Finding that steroid use had seemingly dropped from 4.9% in 1985 to 1.4% in 2001. However Yesalis et al., (1990) believed that athletes were lying about their use. Yesalis used indirect questions aimed at others around the performers to divulge such information. A massive 14.7% usage in all sports was recorded when asking others, compared to roughly 4.9% when the performers themselves were asked. In terms of the professional athlete many researchers used the Olympics (both summer and winter) as a base for their study as it is the pinnacle of all sports. Silvester (1993) surveyed athletes in the 1972 olympics in Munich. It was found that 68% of all the track and field athletes admitted using AAS. Widespread athlete usage was supported when in the 1992 Winter Olympics 80% admitted AAS use (Pearson and Hanson,1992) while 75% of medallists admitted the use (Pearson, 1994). Due the illegalisation, by WADA and the IOC, of all drugs these findings are now deemed useless as often any athlete who attempts the use of AAS is caught, for example British athlete Dwain Chambers, who received a two-year ban from the sport. Chapter three: Conclusions In conclusion it has been widely demonstrated and acknowledged recently that a high dose of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, when coupled with a healthy diet and effective training program, improve a performer’s strength and muscular size, and decrease levels of fats and muscle catabolism. Thus resulting in an overall improvement in sporting performance in almost all sporting events. The continued use of AAS can also be associated with a variety of health problems, both physically and psychologically, that outweigh the positive effects. Due to the cycling requirement and short-term damage caused deemed unacceptable, much more research needs to be undertaken to fully investigate the long term effects of high-level doses. AAS has ultimately been banned by the IOC and many other leading sporting organisations to protect the health of their athletes. Whilst this is the case many performers still increasingly chose to take them in some form to gain ‘the edge’ over their opposition. There are many other socially acceptable ergogenic aids available to sports performers, such as creatine. It has been estimated that creatine is used by up to 99 percent of elite athletes in today’s world, thus deeming it socially acceptable and fair. If 99 percent of elite athletes used anabolic steroids would they also be deemed fair also? Figure 1.0: Mechanism of Anabolic Steroid effect References American Dietetic Association, Dieticians of Canada and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. (2000) Journal of American Dietetic Association. 160: 1543-1553 Anderson, W., Altrecht, M. McKeag, (1993) D. Second replication of a national study of substance use and abuse of habits of college student athletes. Final Report. NCAA Bahrke, M.S. (2000). Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. 247-278. Yesalis, C. Bahrke, M. (2002).M. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Related Substances. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4:246-252, Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Philips, J., Burnnell, T.J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., Casaburi, R. (1996). The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J med. 335:1-7. Buckley, W.E., Yesalis, C.E., Friedl, K.E., Anderson, W.A., Streit, A.L. Wright, J.E. (1988). Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors. Journal of the American Medical Association. 200(23): 3441-3445. Celotti, F. Negri-Cesi, P. (1992). Anabolic steroids: a review of their effects on muscle. 146:823-828. Evans, N.A. (2004). Current concepts in anabolic-androgenic steroids. AM J sports med. 32:534-542. Friedl, K.E. (2000). Performance enhancing substances. Human kinetics. 209-228 Goldman, B., Bush, P. Klatz, R. (1984). Death in the locker room, Steroids in sport. South bend, IN, Icarus Press Hall, R.C. (2006). Abuse of supraphysiological doses of anabolic steroids. South med J. 98:550-555. Haff, G.G. (2006). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. NSCA’s performance training journal. 7-14. Herbert, Hapt Rovere (1984) Herbst, K.L. Bhasin, S. (2004). Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Current opinion on clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 7:271-720. Kochakian, C.D., Yesalis, C.E. (2000). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: a historical perspective anddefinition. In C.E. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. (pp. 17-49). Kuhn, C. (2002). Anabolic steroids, recent progress in hormone research, 57:411-434 Lombardo, J.A., Hickson, P.C. Lamb, D.R. (1991). Anabolic/Androgenic steroids and growth hormone. Exercise science and sports med. Vol 4:249-278 McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. (2010). Protein requirements. Essentials of exercise physiology. National Collegiate Athletic Association Research Staff. (2000). NCAA study of substance use and habits of college student athletes. Indianapolis. Parssinen, M. Seppale, T. (2002). Steroid use and long term health risks in former athletes. Sports med 32. 83-94 Pearson, R. (1994). Olympic survey: Olympians winters past. U.S.A. Today Pearson, R. Hanson R. (1992). Survey of U.S. Olympians. U.S.A. Today. Pope, H.G. Klatz, D.L. (1987). Bodybuilders Psychosis. Lancet, 1: 863 Quinn 2010 taken from the sports medicine website: http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/performanceenhancingdrugs/a/AnabolicSteroid.htm Rockhold, R. (1993). Cardiovascular toxicity of anabolic steroids. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 33:497-520. Rogol, A.D. Yesalis, C.E. (1992). Anabolic-Androgenic steroids and athletes: What are the issuesJournal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 74:465-469. Schulte, H.M., Hall, M.J. Boyer, M. (1993). Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse. AM J psychitar. 150:348 Silvester, L. (1973). Anabolic steroids at the 1972 Olympics. Scholastic Coach, 43: 90-92 Quotation taken from unnamed author from: www.steroid.com Thiblin, I. Petersson, A. (2005). Pharmacoepidermiology of anabolic steroids: a review. Fundam clin pharmacol. 19:27-44 Tolliver, J. (1998). Anabolic steroid black market in the U.S. Paper presented at drugs and athletes: A multidisciplinary symposim. Torres-Calleja, J., De Celis, R., Gonzalez, M., Nuevo, N. (2001). Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on semen parameters and hormone levels in bodybuilders. 74:1055-1056 Yesalis, C. (1934). Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. Preface. Yesalis, C., Buckley, W., Anderson, W., Wang, M.D., Norwig, J.H., Ott, G., Puffer, J.C. Strauss, R.H. (1990). Athletics’ projections of anabolic steroid use. Clinical sports medicine,- 2:155-171 Yesalis, C.E., Courson, S.P., Wright, J.E. (2000). History of anabolic steroid use in sport and exercise. Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise, 2nd ed. pp51-71. Wagner, J.C. (1991). Enhancement of athletic performance with drugs. Sports Med. 12:250-265. Williamson, D.J. (1993). Anabolic steroid use among students at a British College of technology. British Journal of sports medicine, 27:200-201 Wright, J. (1980). Steroids and athletics. Exercise and sports sciences reviews. 8:149-202. Wright, J. (1982). Anabolic steroids and sport II. Natick, MA: Sports science consultants How to cite What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport?, Essay examples

“Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes Why or Why Not Discuss the Factors That Affect Whether Behavioral Follows from Attitude and Are It Different in the Asian Context. Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? Why or Why Not? Discuss the Factors That Affect Whether Behavioral Follows from Attitude and Are It Different in the Asian Context. Essay In the world that we live in today, every individual is very unique. Their life style, hobbies, interests, likes and dislikes and many other characteristics, the way they portrait it is very differently, even each and everyone in a family will also have different characters or personality. The behavior of a person is hard to be predict if we do not understand them. So what we need to do to understand more about a person’s behavior is to study their thoughts. By understanding it, we may know their attitude, and can predict the behavior of peoples. It help us to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. The factors that may influence organizational includes individuals and group behaviour. Quite some of the research on organizational behavior is ultimately aimed at providing human resource management professionals with the information and tools they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion that yields maximum benefit for the individual employee as well as for the organization. Organizations today are facing challenges that comes from their employees. That is the behaviour of their employees. The organizations want to have more understanding of their employees, so that can predict their behaviour. Besides, organizations also try to change their employees’ mind set into more positive side. By doing this, it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees and this will bring benefit to the organizations. By understanding this, we will be able to improve the employees’ satisfaction in organization and meet the requirement of the organizations as well. Attitude can be defined as a predisposition to respond to a stimulus, that is something in a person’s environment such as an event, thing, place, or another person, in a positive or negative way (M. Fishbein, I. Ajzen, 1975). For example, when we speak of a positive job attitude, we mean that the person involved tend to have pleasant internal feelings when they think about their jobs. Attitudes can be see as a favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior. Sometimes people refers its as the ABC’s of attitudes, that is affection, behavioral, and cognitive. An affective component includes beliefs and knowledge about and evaluations of the stimulus. The affective component refers to our feelings, the emotional part of the attitude. Finally, an attitude’s behavioral component is the inclination to behave in a certain way as a response to one’s feelings and cognitions. In a workplace, a person’s attitudes are very important determinant of performance related behaviors, such as the quantity and quality of output, organizational commitment, absenteeism, turnover, and a host fo other important outcomes. On general level, a person’s attitudes influence that individual to act in a particular way (J. Cooper, R. T Croyle, 1984). Of course, whether an attitude actually produces a particular behavior depends on a number of factors such as family and peer pressures, past and present work experiences, and group norms. For instance, people may dislike what they are doing but hold back their effort because of a lack of perceived rewards or pressure from co-workers. In this example, an employee didn’t get a promotion he thought he deserved; a coworker got it instead. The employee’s attitude toward his supervisor is illustrated as follows: cognition (the employee though he deserved the promotion), affect (the employee strongly dislikes his supervisor), and behavior (the employee is looking for another job). As we previously noted, although we often think that cognition causes affect then causes behavior, in reality these components are often difficult to separate. We can see this kind of phenomenon around us. Its happening to ourselves and many others. Normally before people react, they will be thinking for a moment about the cause and effect of their actions. Besides that, the emotion that people having during that particular time when thinking, will also affect the outcome of the behavior. Behaviour is quite simply, it is the way we act, the things we do and say, like facial expressions, hand gestures, eye contact, and word choices. Generally speaking, behaviour follows attitude. We tend to behave the way we feel, think and belief. In organizations, attitudes are important because of their behavioral component. If worker believes, for example, that supervisors, auditors, bosses and time-and-motion engineers are all in conspiracy to make employees ork harder for the same or less money sense to try to understand how these attitudes were formed, their relationship to actual job behavior and how they might be changed. Isn’t it logical that people watch television programs that they say they like or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful. Attitudes that individuals consider important tend to show a strong relatio nship to behavior. The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behavior, the stronger is the link between the two. For instance asking someone specifically about his or her intention to stay with the organization for the next 6 months is likely to better predict turnover for that person than if you asked him or her how satisfied he or she was with his or her pay. Attitudes that are easily remembered are more likely to predict behavior than attitudes that are not accessible in memory. Interestingly you are more likely to remember attitudes that are frequently expressed. So the more you talk about your attitude on a subject, the more you are likely to remember it, and the more likely it is to shape your behavior. Internet Shopping - Good or Bad? EssayFor instance, countries like Australia, the people expect and accept power relations that are more consultative and democratic. They sees equality in one another regardless of the formal positions. This shows us the way people perceive power differences. Secondly, individualism refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high individualism indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high individualism, there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low individualism would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each others well being (G. Hofstede, 1991). Country like U. S, they have high individualism practice. Individuals would strive to achieve their goals individually. They don’t play in a team. The Japanese are different from Americans, Japanese people will work in a team to achieve something. Masculinity refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High masculinity are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low masculinity scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low masculinity society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success. Japan is high masculinity country whereas Sweden is low masculinity country. According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was balanced in terms of skill rather than gender. The fourth is the uncertainty avoidance. It refer to how much members of a society are anxious about the unknown, and as a consequence, attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. For examples, Country that have high uncertainty avoidance such as Germany. Germans are not to keen on uncertainty, by planning everything carefully they try to avoid the uncertainty. In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. In the other hand, countries such as Singapore and Malaysia have low uncertainty avoidance that favour managers who take more risks, have fewer written rules, offer less-structured activities and experience higher labour turnover. The last dimension is long-term orientation (G. Hofstede, 1991). A long term orientation is characterized by persistence and perseverance, a respect for a hierarchy of the status of relationships, thrift, and a sense of shame. Those countries include China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Whereas short-term orientation is marked by a sense of security and stability, a protection of one’s reputation, a respect for tradition, and a reciprocation of greetings; favors and gifts, and the countries include Britain, Canada, and Germany. These few dimensions are part of the factors that affect attitude and behaviours. Besides, it also shows that generally the Western contexts are different from the Asian contexts. As discussed above, there are some factors that will affect behavioral follows from attitude. Using the Hofstede’s Five Dimensions theory, and Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance theory, show use that Attitude and behavior can be affect by each other. We also discussed that the differences in the culture will have different attitude and behavior, which can be seen in the Hofstede’s theory. The contexts between Asian and the Western are differ. Besides, Festinger theory also tells us that attitude can be change by behaviors. Behavior can be generally said as it follows from attitude. Just that some of the time it will be the reversal. It just depend on the individual. REFERENCES 1. George A. Milite, 2001, Festinger, Leon(1919-1989), viewed 1 August 2010, http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000466/? tag=content;col1 2. FESTINGER, Leon, 1957, A theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson. 3. A. F Buono, J. L. Bowditch, 2003, The Human Side of Mergers and Acquisitions: Managing Collisions between People, Cultures, and Organizations, Beard Books, Washington, D. C. 4. G. Hofstefe, 1980, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. . W. J. McGuire, 1966, Cognitive Consistency: Motivation Antecedents and Behavioral Consequences, in S. Feldma, New York. 6. viewed on 2 August, 7. J. Cooper, R. T. Croyle, 1984, Attitude and Attitude Change, Random House, New York. 8. M. Fishbein, I. Ajzen, 1975, Belief, Attitudem Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, MA: Addison, Wesley. 9. G. Hofstede, 1991, Cultu res and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, New York. 10. L. Festinger, 1957, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.