Further Topics In Primary Mathematics Education Education Essay

Childs can be assessed on five facets of a subject, viz. : constructs ( 1 ) , processs ( 2 ) , processes ( problem-solving ( 3 ) , connexions ( 4 ) and communication/representation ( 5 ) ) , ( Glanfield, Bush & A ; Stenmark, 2003 ) . With mention to the Topic ‘Length ‘ as it is presented in Abacus Level 3 ( SDM p.3 – 8 ) , remark about the expected appraisal undertakings presented in the Assessment Book Level 3 ( p.60-61 ) in the visible radiation of the afore-mentioned five facets.ConceptsDefinition:â€Å" Measurement involves a comparing of an property of an point or state of affairs with a unit that has the same property. † ( Van de Walle, J.A. ) Therefore, constructs are of import for the kids to assist them separate the mensurable properties of the objects.Review of the Assessment BookConcepts in the subject ‘Measurement ‘ trades with the thought of length, size and units. The kids in a twelvemonth 4 category should be able to utilize vocabu lary related to length such as: long, longer, short, shortest, tall, narrow, broad etc. They should besides hold an thought what appraisal, measuring and comparing lengths are all about by utilizing the standard units ( centimeter, m and kilometer ) . Besides, the kids should be introduced and asked to propose suited units and equipment for any peculiar measuring. The Assessment book ‘s chief constructs do fit with the course of study ‘ , but the Assessment book have missed to advert the kids ‘s acknowledgment that the longer lengths necessitate a larger unit, that is kilometer, and that the shortest lengths, require a smaller unit, that is the centimetre. Besides, the ability to step and record lengths utilizing formal units and denary units to the nearest half ex: 50cm = 3.5m. The Assessment book within its restriction of exercisings does address most of the listed constructs. Basically all the working exercisings and custodies on activities in the Assessment Boo k are a good agencies of measuring the kid ‘s impression of the measuring ‘s chief constructs. The unwritten inquiries assess the cardinal vocabulary merely like in all other activities, and assess the kids ‘s impression of ‘estimation ‘ . Exercise 1 is a good agencies of measuring whether the kid grasped the thought of comparing different lengths every bit good as usage the suited units and equipment to mensurate a peculiar object. Exercise 2 buttocks if the kids have truly savvied the relationship between different standard units, that is, from kilometer and m and m and centimeter, merely like the ‘Write the fiting measuring ‘ exercising. As the rubric ‘Match the appropriate measuring to each object provinces, here the kids are assessed on placing the suited units to fit it with the objects taken from existent life, and acknowledging that longer lengths require a larger unit ( kilometer ) and smaller lengths require a smaller unit ( centimeter ) The last exercising on the Assessment book, once more, assesses the kid ‘s ability to compare le lengths. Although the activities in the Assessment Book somehow covers the afore-mentioned mathematical constructs in measuring, there needs to be more exercisings which assess harder undertakings, constructs which kids are likely to hold on and understand by making one exercising. Concepts such as the relationship and transition of different units from kilometer to m, m to cm, and frailty versa.Review of the Text BookComing to analyse the text edition, we think that most mathematical basic constructs are all addressed. Get downing off from the text edition ‘s bold headers ‘Centimetres ‘ ( centimeter ) and ‘Metres ‘ ( m ) are thought to be a good agency of a uninterrupted unit abbreviation reminder all through the exercisings. The exercisings ‘ rubrics are really child friendly and assessment friendly. One can observe that when the kid is asked to make more than one undertaking in an exercising, the stairss are written in a separate address bubble. For case the first exercising on page 3 invites the kid to: first to happen one of each object, so gauge its length in centimetres and eventually utilize a swayer to mensurate it. This aid the kid to confront a task measure by measure and besides assist him to analyse a job spot by spot subsequently on. It ‘s besides a good agencies of assisting the instructor analyze and measure the kids ‘s failings and strengths by set uping the measure which the kids failed to carry through the measure which the kids failed to carry through, therefore it would be a good manner for the instructor to undertake the weak point straight ways. We have noticed that kids are non invited to utilize informal units and besides it would hold been a good manner to presen t measuring. Besides, sometimes in one exercising there is more than one construct tackled, which makes the exercisings harder. The first exercising on page 3 makes us inquire what the lessons ; nonsubjective really is. Is the lesson based around the appraisal of eh measuring of the existent length ‘s construct? These types of exercisings which have in them excessively many aims are likely to do confusion. This could hold been ideal as a alteration exercising instead than the first exercising of the measuring ‘s subject. Besides neither of the exercisings invite the kids to set up when to utilize standard units. All the exercisings in the text edition though screen all the constructs. The first exercising on page screens and addresses the vocabulary related to length, appraisal and measuring, whilst the other exercising focuses on taking the suited units. Besides on page 4, kids are assessed on their ability to take the suited criterion unit and into understanding the fractional units to the nearest half even it this construct is non listed in neither the course of study non the appraisal book and besides measuring whether the kids have understood the construct that longer lengths require longer units ex. kilometer. Page 5 focal points on the construct of happening the relationship between meters and centimetres ex. 3m 15cm +25cm = 3m 40cm. The remainder of the lengths exercisings assess the kids ‘s ability to work out jobs and happen the sum and the difference of two lengths.Compare and Contrast the Assessment Book with the Textbook.Having to compare and contrast the assessment book with the text edition we realized that the vocabulary related to length is absent. Besides the assessment book does non advert that one of the constructs learnt by the terminal of the subject is decimals for meters and centimetres even though at that place go on to be an exercising to ‘Write each length in meters utilizing a denary point ‘ ex. 2.48m. Adding to this, even the text edition contains exercisings which concepts chiefly are: taking suited units and utilizing fraction al units to the nearest whole. Besides, we think the text edition is more child and teacher friendly as respects to its content. Surely the text edition has got rather more pages with measurings exercisings than the assessment book, therefore scaffolded acquisition is exercised even more. Besides, kids have more chances to hold on the subject ‘s constructs through the multiple exercisings. On the other manus, the assessment book includes practical custodies on activities which help into prosecuting the kids more into the subject whilst making a richer acquisition environment and were constructs are easy understood and applied.Mentions:Chief Mention:Van de Walle, J.A ( 2007 ) Elementary and Middle School Mathematics. United States of America.Other MentionsNorthern Territor Government ( 2009 ) Mathematics Measurement Retrieved on ___________ from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.det.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/2376/ntcf_maths_measurement.pdfProceduresDefinition:Proce dures fundamentally refers to the staging of a lesson so as the kids comprehend the mathematical construct easier. Scaffolding chiefly consists of oppugning and listening both from the instructor and the kids. Group work, brace work, category treatments, and custodies on activities are ways which the instructor can use for scaffolding.Critique of Assessment book:The Assessment Book offers a assortment of processs that kids can utilize to larn measuring. Teachers can happen unwritten inquiries which can be discussed as group activity in category. This encourages the kids to portion their ain consequence and clear up any jobs. After such verbal exercisings, the Assessment Book moves on to written exercisings. Here, scaffolding is rather apparent since after the kids work together in category, they will subsequently be invited to work separately. Activity 2 of the Assessment book ( Practice Activities ) kids are besides cognitively challenged since they are asked to believe, estimation and so, step to measure themselves whether they were got it right or incorrect. However, non all activities in the Assessment Book purpose to measure processs relevant to a twelvemonth 4 degree. For case, inquiry ( figure 1 ) ‘Do you think this line is 3cms, 30cms, or 300cms long ‘ does non necessitate any peculiar thought accomplishments since here we are covering with eight twelvemonth olds. A more appropriate activity would hold been if kids were given three measurings to take from, but with closer figures, for illustrations 30cms, 4cms, and 50cms. The remainder of the inquiries ( 2, 3 and 4 ) are appropriate for the twelvemonth 4 degree. Adding to this, we think the ‘Match the appropriate measuring to each object ‘ exercising is excessively simple for kids in twelvemonth 4, although one can still use it as a mental warm up it helps kids visualize and differentiate between the two basic units of measuring ( centimeter and m ) . The ‘Write the duplicate measuring ‘ exercising is non scaffolded since it does non construct on the old exercising. It would hold been wiser if there was a tabular array or simple exercisings which help in measuring the kid ‘s apprehension of how many centimetres there are in a metre, and how many meters there are in a kilometre. Hence, this exercising would hold been more effectual if it was given as the subject ‘s alteration activity in the Assessment Book as it covers all the 3 basic measurings.Critique of Text book:The text edition offers assorted processs for kids to larn and hold on the length ‘s construct. Some exercisings invite the kids to gauge and mensurate length, happening a distance in the schoolroom to fit the length given, happening objects to mensurate, composing how many meters or centimetres and happening the difference or adding up meters and centimetres. Therefore, as it can be seen from the afore-mentioned activities, the exercisin gs involve written and verbal undertakings and besides activities where kids are provoked to utilize their thought accomplishments. Childs are foremost introduced to centimetres, so to meters and so, a combination of the two. Hence, we think that the basic units of measuring are scaffolded for the kids to larn and hold better grok the subject.Compare and Contrast the Assessment Book with the Textbook.There is a sense of process in both books as the inquiries posed to the pupils are scaffolded harmonizing to their troubles, therefore every inquiries physiques on each other. math.ecnu.edu.cn/ †¦ /EARCOME3_LAU_NGEE % 20KIONG_TSG406 ( ) .doc – the web site can non be viewed on the cyberspace since it file extention is.doc, nevertheless if you want to see the web site we kindly ask you to entree this nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com.mt/search? hl=mt & A ; source=hp & A ; biw=1259 & A ; bih=569 & A ; q=Furthermore % 2C+ideas+are+not+isolated+in+memory+but+are+organized+and+associated+with+the+natural+language+that+one+uses+and+the+situations+one+has+encountered+in+the+past. % E2 % 80 % 99+ % 28NCTM % 2C+1989 % 2C+p.+10 % 29, and entree the nexus titled Scaffolding Students ‘ acquisitionRyan.M ( 2003 ) . Classroom Tips For Teaching Measurement. Cited on: ____________ from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.primarymaths.ie/files/measurementtips.pdfProcedures ( Problem-Solving )Definition:â€Å" Leting the topic to be debatable agencies leting pupils to inquire why things are, to ask, to seek for solutions, and to decide incongruousnesss. It means that both the course of study and direction should get down with jobs, quandary, and inquiries for pupils. † Hiebert Er Al ( 1996, p.12 ) Van de WalleOrâ€Å" Good jobs can animate the geographic expedition of of import mathematical thoughts, raising continuity, and reenforce the demand to understand and utilize assorted schemes, mathematical belongingss, and relationships. Such wonts are of value non merely in the mathematics schoolroom, but besides in formal and informal acquisition and work environments throughout life. †( NCTM, 2000, p. 182 )Critique of Assessment Book:The Assessment book deficiency job work outing inquiries. Looking carefully at the inquiries in the assessment book we noticed that there are merely two job work outing inquiries. These are found under the heading ‘Oral inquiries ‘ and are inquiries figure 3 and 4. Here, the kids are required to happen the entire length of two pieces of strings and to happen the difference between the highs of two kids. Since these two inquiries are under the header of ‘Oral inquiries ‘ we thought that it wo uld hold been better if these inquiries were presented in a written mode as the kids might happen it difficult to retrieve the lengths when working it out. Afterwards the instructor can exchange the lesson to an unwritten manner where they can discourse the grounds for the methods used.Critique of Text Book:There are about five narrative amounts in the text edition, which we think are a spot disputing for eight twelvemonth old pupils. For case, on page 5, the kids have to research which routes from school they will necessitate to run, so as to run 1Km. We think, that this inquiry is misdirecting and the kids would happen it disputing if the instructor will non explicate it good. On page 7, there is another narrative amount about a puppy and how much did it turn each hebdomad. We besides think that this is disputing for the kids since they can acquire confused from where they are traveling to get down. We thought that this would be a possible manner, how the instructor can show this narrative amount to the kids: Teacher: What information was given? Student 1: That the puppy is 55cm long. It was 15cm long when it was born. That it is more than 2 hebdomads old but less than 10 hebdomads old and that it grows the same sum each hebdomad. Teacher: How can you cognize how much the puppy grew hebdomadally? Student 1: First I subtracted the puppy ‘s present length ( 55cm ) with the length when it was born ( 15cm ) . Then I divided the reply ( 40cm ) by 4 by test and mistake since I know the puppy is more than 2 hebdomads old but less than 10 hebdomads old, and got an reply of 10cm growing every hebdomad. Teacher: Who has a different reply? Student 2: I divided the puppy ‘s growing by 5cm and got an reply of 8cm growing per hebdomad. Teacher: How did you look into your reply? Student 2: I multiplied the puppy ‘s hebdomadal growing ( 5cm ) by the figure of hebdomads ( 8weeks ) and got 40cm ( the puppy ‘s present length ) . Teacher: How else can you look into the reply? Student 3: You can add 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm + 5cm which makes 40cm ( the puppy ‘s present length ) Teacher: Who agrees? Why? Students: I do/I do n't OTHER PROBLEMS FROM PAGE 8Compare and Contrast the Assessment Book with the Textbook.Even though job resolution is seen in both the Assessment book and the Text book, we think that they are non scaffolded since they do non increase in trouble at every inquiry. The Assessment book has two job work outing amounts which are non hard for the kids to understand. However, narrative amounts found in the text edition are rather disputing for a twelvemonth 4 degree since they require a batch of believing accomplishments.Mentions:Thomas R. Post ( 1988 ) Teaching Mathematicss in Grades K-8 Allyn and Bacon, Inc Printed in the United States of AmericaChief Mention:Post, T.R ( 1988 ) Teaching Mathematicss in Grades K-8. United States of America. Allyn and Bacon, IncOther Mentions:Annenberg Foundation ( 2011 ) . Detecting Student Problem resolution. Cited on _________from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learner.org/courses/teachingmath/grades3_5/session_03/section_01_b.htmlConnectionsDefintion:â€Å" linking mathematical thoughts includes associating new thoughts to associate thoughts considered antecedently. These connexions help pupils see mathematics as a incorporate organic structure of cognition instead than as a set of complexaˆÂ ¦concepts, processs and procedures. † ( ktieb ref )Critique of Assessment Book:Mathematicss should non be seen as a set of detached subjects but as a â€Å" web of closely connected thoughts † ( book ref ) . Such comparabilites amongst these connected thoughts are non easy perceived by the kids, and so they prompt for more account to reply the ‘why'/ Such equalities in the assorted mathematical content Fieldss ma make a sense of correctedness and linkage in the mathematical surveies. The assessment book nowadayss such connexions truly good. Exercises like exercising 1 under the header ‘ Practice activities ‘ , and the â€Å" Match the appropriate measuring to each object † exercising both provide chances for kids with exercisings affecting existent life state of affairss. This helps the kids to see what they are larning with their ain existent life state of affairss and environments, and therefore it further heighten their acquisition on what is being taught. The unwritten inquiries in the appraisal book besides aid in promoting and disputing kids for farther account of their new thoughts, from which they could develop new scheme grounded on old mathematical cognition.Critique of Textbook:The unity between assorted countries and mathematics is besides apparent in the text edition. It is full of existent life state of affairss to which the kids can associate such mathematical constructs. Such chances help kids to enrich larning in assorted countries. The ‘snake ‘ activity offers the chance to detect if the kids have understood that a fraction has an tantamount denary presentation. Other exercisings besides help pupils to pull their town with assorted paths they might utilize to walk from place to school during a societal surveies lesson. Children are so invited to cipher the distance traveled. Since Mathematics is non a standalone topic, instructors need to pre-plan such activities so that from such connexions, more chances for the enrichment of larning ar e provided.Compare and contrast Assessment book with text edition:Both books make a smooth connexion with other countries so that Mathematical countries are non seen isolated from others. Through the assorted job resolution exercises found on both books but chiefly in the text edition which involve probe, anticipation and measuring exercisings, kids are enabled to construct such procedures and integrate them with scientific discipline. Both books connect truly good with other subjects, but both books could hold provided exercisings with farther probe and geographic expedition of such mathematical constructs and besides supply more chances where kids are asked to explicate their schemes when gauging lengthsCommunication / RepresentationsDefinition:Communication is an indispensable tool for kids to understand mathematical constructs and for problem-solving. Communication consists of enriching the mathematical vocabulary so that the kids will happen it easier to pass on with each other in order to clear up inquiries, discourse a solution or discourse a job. Communication should non merely be between the instructor and the pupil, but besides between the kids themselves. Representation assists the kids to develop and pass on their thought accomplishments and stand for their ain solutions in assorted ways. Models and images aids the kids to understand and pass on better the consequences.Review if the Assessment Book:The ‘Oral inquiries ‘ ( Numberss 1-4 ) allows communicating to discourse the reply for each inquiries. Children can portion their thoughts of how they worked the inquiry out, to the remainder of the category. However, since they are ‘oral inquiries ‘ the kids do non hold the chance to stand for their working or diagrams that they used to acquire the reply. Hence, it lack representation. Page 2 of the Assessment book, involves written exercisings. Here, the kids do non hold the chance to discourse the replies as a group since they are required to compose down their replies in the infinite provided.Review of the text book:The text edition offers rather piquant illustrations that will assist the kids to understand the measuring construct good. Some of the exercisings, for case page 3 and 4 could be worked out in braces or groups. This will besides let sharing of thoughts through communicating. Here, they are required to happen objects, estimation and mensurate them. The activity found on page 5 where the kids has to see where they can run from school so as to make 1 Km has rather an engaging image which the kids can follow, even though the inquiry is a spot disputing for LOW ABILITY STUDENTS. The narrative amounts found on page 7 and 8 allow the kids to pull diagrams or write information in their ain manner so as to happen the reply. The replies can so be discussed as whole group.Compare and Contrast the Assessment Book with the Textbook.Both the Assessment book and the Text book offer the chance to the kids to discourse replies as a whole category, if they are used carefully by the instructor. However the Assessment books lacks a spot Communication since it merely has 4 inquiries to be discussed. Apart of this, both books lack utilizing theoretical accounts to stand for their reply.

Negative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged...

In today’s culture, people judge food by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick, easy, and taste fairly good. Children, especially, enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. While this may seem a good solution to this fast-paced society, it is actually a dangerous habit. Fifteen percent of children ages six to nineteen are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweight. Processed and preserved foods and fast food negatively affect elementary-aged children’s health and future lifestyle. First, consider the convenience factor. Processed and preserved foods are easy to obtain and stay fresh for long periods of†¦show more content†¦They satisfy hunger briefly but deplete the body of key nutrients and induce cravings. These convenience foods’ energy output exceeds nutritional input. Consequently, your body is forced to work harder to digest, absorb, and eliminate what they offer in nutritional value. Because of this, modern convenience foods do not provide sufficient nutrients to allow a child to reach full potential of health or proper functioning. They are key factors in chronic degenerative diseases, learning disabilities, and dental disease (Sheppard 1). However, these dangerous foods are what make up many children’s diets today. Secondly, consider low-fat food. Many believe this is the solution to unhealthy foods. The problem with this method is that while low-fat foods do not contain fat, there are high amounts of sugar and salt added. This makes up for the loss of taste and texture when the fat is removed. Low-fat foods are more dangerous than full-fat foods for several reasons. Firstly, all the sugar and salt added is just as unhealthy as fat. Secondly, people tend to eat more of a food when it is low fat because they feel guilt-free. Larger portions of low-fat foods are even more unhealthy than eating full-fat foods. Finally, children need fat in order grow; it provides building blocks for their bodies. Replacing fat with sugar and salt is extremely detrimental to a child’s health. School lunches are also a factor in the rise of childShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged Children Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s culture, food is often judged by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick and easy, and taste fairly good. Children especially enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. But while this may seem a good solution to the fast-paced society we live in, it is actually a dangerous habit. 15% of children ages 6-19 are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). 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About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regardin g low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activity being done, and problems that obese children are facing. Obesity is a conditionRead MorePublic Schools Children Should Receive The Best Of Food Standards2313 Words   |  10 Pagesschools children should receive the best of food standards. Should the best of food standards include brand named junk food such as Cheetos, Hostess, Cola, and Pop-tarts? The availability of junk food has become very convenient. In many cases junk food is sold during school hours in school. This fact is causing very bad health habits in children and later on leading to future health problems. Surveys show the growth in child obesity an how American’s feel toward the issue. This easy junk food accessRead MoreChild Obesity Paper2748 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica, as more alarming statistics begin to emerge - including estimates that 30% of all adults and as many as one-third of all children in the US are obese. About one in five children in the United States is now overweight! (Child Obesity Facts, 1999, para.2) Childhood obesity has lasting psychological effects, due to parental knowledge, lack of physical activities, and food advertisement; which has made obesity become a major health issue in many young childrens lives today. First, what is childRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 PagesCarbillon, April Ann T. Technical Writing and Scientific Reporting Course/Year/Section: BSE II – English Time Schedule: TTH – 2:00 – 3:30 Title: Out of School Youth in the Philippines ABSTRACT This study shows the reasons and effects why there are out of school youth. It also indicates the children’s rights are deprive form the privileges to have a free education of the government. The researcher included also the statistical analysis of the population of the young people whoRead MoreWhy Are Tests Scores Falling Schools?2065 Words   |  9 Pageseducation possible. State school boards have spent numerous hours studying the nutritional value of food served at school. They believe that healthier food options can cut the amount of struggling students. From their studies, they have found a direct correlation between nutrition, cognition and psychosocial behavior. Many studies look at the nutritional benefits of proteins, vitamins, and food substances as they affect learning and brain function. The conclusion is our schools have the potentialRead More TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay2895 Words   |  12 PagesAdvertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising Negative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged... In today’s culture, food is often judged by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick and easy, and taste fairly good. Children especially enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. But while this may seem a good solution to the fast-paced society we live in, it is actually a dangerous habit. 15% of children ages 6-19 are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweight. One of the main culprits in this problem is the food that children eat. Processed and preserved foods and fast food negatively affect elementary-aged children’s health and future lifestyle. Processed and fast foods are also known†¦show more content†¦The last type is fake foods. These are basically chemicals with gum and sugar fillers. Because these are nutrient-poor and loaded with calories, they satisfy hunger briefly, but deplete the body of key nutrients and induce cravings. Convenience foods’ energy output exceeds nutritional input. They cost your body more to digest, absorb, and eliminate what little they offer in nutritional value. Because of this, modern convenience foods don’t provide sufficient nutrients to allow a child to reach full potential of health or proper functioning. They are key factors in chronic degenerative diseases, learning disabilities, and dental disease (Sheppard 1). But these dangerous foods are what make up many children’s diets today. Many believe the solution to this problem of unhealthy foods is low fat. The problem with this method is that while low-fat foods do not contain fat, there are high amounts of sugar and salt added in order to make up for the loss of taste when the fat is removed. Low-fat foods are more dangerous than full-fat foods for several reasons. Firstly, all the sugar and salt added is just as unhealthy as fat. It still causes weight gain. Secondly, people tend to eat more of a food when it is low fat because they feel guilt-free. Larger portions of low-fat foods are even more unhealthy than eating full-fat foods. Finally, children need fat in order grow; it provides building blocks for their bodies.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged Children Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s culture, people judge food by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick, easy, and taste fairly good. Children, especially, enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. While this may seem a good solution to this fast-paced society, it is actually a dangerous habit. Fifteen percent of children ages six to nineteen are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweightRead MoreCombating Childhood Obesity And Its Effects1122 Words   |  5 Pages2016 In today’s society it is easy to get caught up into living a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle. With new technologies, social media, etc, people are choosing to opt out of doing much active work and are choosing to do things from the comfort of their own bed or couch. Many people choose to enjoy the luxuries of online shopping, banking, mail, socializing, ordering food, games, and even dating! Additionally, United States citizens have fully embraced the fast food industry for someRead MoreThe Food And Beverage Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagestheir favorite foods in early childhood and keep them throughout their life. The food and beverage industry has responded to America’s food passion. They have increased sugar in drinks and offer larger portions of food as well. The food and beverage industry has also specialized in food that appeals to children alone. From the exciting music, vibrant colors, celebrity filled commercials and the prizes promised in every box of ce real, children have become one of the main targets of the food and beverageRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesThese days eating processed food become most common and have led to the overweight and obesity. Worldwide obesity has increase more than doubled since 1980. McDonald’s serving 46 million people in 118 countries that has 30,000 restaurant (brownell horgen, 2004). Eating junk food has led to obesity and being overweight is not just how you look, the more you become overweight the more risk will increase of developing various health problems. There are many reasons of being obese, their risk in healthRead MoreObesity Is A Common Problem1222 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regardin g low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activity being done, and problems that obese children are facing. Obesity is a conditionRead MorePublic Schools Children Should Receive The Best Of Food Standards2313 Words   |  10 Pagesschools children should receive the best of food standards. Should the best of food standards include brand named junk food such as Cheetos, Hostess, Cola, and Pop-tarts? The availability of junk food has become very convenient. In many cases junk food is sold during school hours in school. This fact is causing very bad health habits in children and later on leading to future health problems. Surveys show the growth in child obesity an how American’s feel toward the issue. This easy junk food accessRead MoreChild Obesity Paper2748 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica, as more alarming statistics begin to emerge - including estimates that 30% of all adults and as many as one-third of all children in the US are obese. About one in five children in the United States is now overweight! (Child Obesity Facts, 1999, para.2) Childhood obesity has lasting psychological effects, due to parental knowledge, lack of physical activities, and food advertisement; which has made obesity become a major health issue in many young childrens lives today. First, what is childRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 PagesCarbillon, April Ann T. Technical Writing and Scientific Reporting Course/Year/Section: BSE II – English Time Schedule: TTH – 2:00 – 3:30 Title: Out of School Youth in the Philippines ABSTRACT This study shows the reasons and effects why there are out of school youth. It also indicates the children’s rights are deprive form the privileges to have a free education of the government. The researcher included also the statistical analysis of the population of the young people whoRead MoreWhy Are Tests Scores Falling Schools?2065 Words   |  9 Pageseducation possible. State school boards have spent numerous hours studying the nutritional value of food served at school. They believe that healthier food options can cut the amount of struggling students. From their studies, they have found a direct correlation between nutrition, cognition and psychosocial behavior. Many studies look at the nutritional benefits of proteins, vitamins, and food substances as they affect learning and brain function. The conclusion is our schools have the potentialRead More TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay2895 Words   |  12 PagesAdvertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising

The American dream has been an idea since America was...

The American dream has been an idea since America was first founded. When thinking of the American dream, one may think of a person rising from being poor to becoming rich, finding love, and gaining wealth and power. People’s views are constantly changing about the American dream, although it is generally based on independency, freedom, and a desire for something better. In the early days many wanting to acquire the American dream just wanted to own a lot of land and start a family, however in present times people wanting to acquire the American dream focus on more materialistic things. One may want a big house, a life of ease, and a nice car. The American dream has transformed into focusing on material items as an indication of being†¦show more content†¦Gatsby’s poor judgment is not realizing that Daisy represents the corruption that wealth can bring. Even though Daisy appears to be sweet, she is really self-centered and cold hearted. 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The Police Problem Of An Award Winning Tv Show Southland

This paper will discuss a police problem depicted in an award winning TV-show Southland. This scripted TV-show was based on lives and work of Los Angeles Police Officers. The episodes reviewed for this assignment were from season 5, episodes 1. â€Å"Hats and Bats† originally aired February 13, 2013, and 2. â€Å"Heat,† originally aired February 13, 2013. This TV-show was the first of its kind to resemble of a filming technique often seen in reality TV-shows making the show more realistic in that aspect. Also the themes in the episodes were based on authentic incidents and they were presented form a realistic point of view. This paper will discuss the initial issue of the events, and how they developed and brought up other important issues in†¦show more content†¦Several units responded to the call, some in riot gear, some straight from patrol, also the Los Angeles Police Department helicopter provided air support. One of the rioters threw a large cement brick through a convenient store window causing damage. A responding patrol officer asked another officer who is in charge, but nobody knew. After the incident, an officer said the Sergeant, who was supposed to be the incident commander, â€Å"shrunk into this car and lost his water.† Sergeant was not prepared to take command of the incident, he failed as a leader of the shift, his officers and his community. There was no report of deaths or arrests, but there were injuries and property damage caused by this riot. Another issue surfaced through a statement made by an injured veteran officer, â€Å"I just wish I’d shot more of these bastards. If it was 20 years earlier, had of them would be in the morgue by now, and you and me would be at the bar drinking, right?† He also stated â€Å"mother [bleeb] are lucky that I was shooting rubber bullets.† These statements demonstrate the frustrations and attitudes of a veteran officer towards the community, how policing has changed during this officer’s tenure, and his statements reflect poorly on the law enforcement as a whole. One Field Training Officer leaves the scene with hi s rookie officer after the incident when the peace was restored. The rookie officer in training was

What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport Free Essays

string(30) " decrease in body fat levels\." Chapter one: Introduction Sporting performance can be influenced by many differing factors. Aside from training, nutrition is the most important influence. To reach one’s highest potential, all of the body’s systems must be working optimally (ADA, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alongside a healthy diet many performers supplement an ergogenic aid; increasingly however many others use drugs to gain an advantage over their opposition. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are one such drug used within sport to boost performance. In 1993 more than one million sports participants, ranging from recreational gym users to elite athletes were using anabolic steroids regularly (Yesalis, Kennedy, Kopstein, Bahrke, 1993). More recently it has been reported that 6.1% of 15-18 year olds within US high schools had taken a form of anabolic steroid (ADA, 2003). This review aims to address the rationale behind the use of anabolic steroids, the relative risks and benefits of the drug, as well as previous research within the field, ultimately determining whether sporting organisations are correct in illegalising the drug and providing the reader with the information to make an guided decision for themselves. 1.1 Background to anabolic steroids Anabolic steroids are the derivatives of testosterone (Bahrke and Yesalis, 2002). Primary research of testosterone in 1935 led to the development of AS. Testosterone is the primary natural male hormone. It is responsible for the androgenic and anabolic effects observed during male adolescence and adulthood. By 1935 testosterone had been isolated and chemically characterised (Kockakian and Yesalis, 2000). Testosterone itself is not considered an anabolic steroid due to it retaining its’ full androgenic effect on the body (Herbert, Hapt Rovere, 1984). 1.2 Rationale behind Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids are used, variably, by athletes and others to increase lean body mass, to reduce fat, to enhance performance and sustain periods of training (Hartgens and Kuipers, 2004). Anabolic steroids, dependent on chemical structure, bind to specific androgen protein receptor sites in the sarcoplasm of cells found within skeletal muscles. Complexes are formed through such binding with the product being transported through the cells nuclear membrane to interact with intra-nuclear chromatin and activate RNA polymerase, protein synthesis is triggered. Protein synthesis is the process in which cells build protein (Bruce, 2002) ultimately this increase is protein results in a build up in cellular tissue within the muscle, thus increasing muscular mass. Average male skeletal muscle consists of six to twelve kilograms of protein (McArdle et al., 2010). Strenuous physical activity such as weight training constantly increases the body’s protein requirements, as well as stress up on the body. Both in which Anabolic steroids are rumoured to remedy. Physical activity comprises any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in substantial increase over resting energy expenditure (Bouchard, 2006). In a day and age where millimetres win races, every edge a performer believes they can gain is crucial. Common belief that No one is guilty of steroid use except the other guy, the other team (Yesalis SR, 1934) aids widespread usage. 1.3 Differing types Anabolic steroids can be taken by four different methods: Injection, Orally, Nasally and transdermally. For each method there are countless steroids available (steroids.com, 2010). Most individuals who use anabolic steroids obtain the drugs from the black market (Tolliver, 1998). Table 1 shows the number of steroids currently available on the market. However this list can never be fully complete as athletes, researchers and trainers are always developing new drugs and in particular, combinations of drugs to try pass the stringent tests. Each modification to testosterone results in distinct changes in the deliverability, potency and the body’s adaptive responses to AAS (Hall, 2006). 1.4 Guidelines Anabolic steroids are banned by athletic organisations to protect athletes from potentially harmful side effects (Quinn, 2010). Due to banning by all leading sports organisations it is important to note that no guideline amount can be stated. Doses used by weightlifters and bodybuilders have been at least 100 times those indicated for therapeutic use (Rogol and Yesalis, 1992). Chapter Two: Scientific evidence Following its’ development from 1935 onwards AAS has become one of the most researched performance enhancing substances available. (Celotti and Negri-Cesi, 1992). Almost all research has been into effects the drug has on the physical and psychological body, both positively and negatively. A number of reviews and they’re point of study are available in appendix two following. 2.1 Physical effects – Positive Several studies have examined the positive effects AAS has on both the animal and human body. Despite their development in the 1930s, as recently as 1996 the true anabolic effects were often disputed. Early studies in the physical effects of AAS by Wright (1980) showed that inexperienced weightlifters did not benefit from a dose of AAS but that more experienced weightlifters showed an increase in both muscle and strength. Due to the study coupling protein supplements along with AAS it was widely believed that it was in fact the protein supplement that benefitted the weightlifter, and that the strength was as a result of the extra muscle mass gained by the added protein. Bhasin et al., (1996) remedied all doubt regarding the anabolic properties of AAS. It was shown that a relatively high dose of 600mg/wk added to a group of males performing weight training resulted in a 6.1kg increase in lean muscle mass over a ten-week period. In fact, even males not performing weight training increased lean muscle mass by 3.2kg. This is mirrored by Sjoqvist et al., (2008) who reached a conclusion that since adequate doping tests have been introduced in powerlifting, records have seized to be broken. Herbst and Bhasin (2004) reported that high doses of AS in any adult male resulted in a significant decrease in lipid molecules within the body. A common result of increased muscle mass is an increase in metabolic rate. An increase results in more energy being expended throughout the day than being taken in through the diet. Fat stored in the body is used as a fuel source in situations such as this, thus resulting in a decrease in body fat levels. You read "What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport?" in category "Essay examples" Kuhn (2002) hypothesised that steroids may also block any catabolic effects of glucocorticoids released during training, thus allowing for a high intensity, longer workout. 2.2 Physical effects – Negative Though AAS produces many benefits within the body to enhance athletic performance, many scientists believe that they also result in negative and dangerous consequences. During studies physiological side effects are broken down into: Cardiovascular, Liver, Reproductive and Dermatologic. In relation to cardiovascular, there are many risk factors: blood volume, salt and water retention, hypertension, ventricular function, effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins and blood clotting. Of the above risks most research has been concerned with AAS’s effect on blood lipids and lipoproteins and blood clotting. AAS has an adverse effect on plasma levels of lipids within the blood (Thiblin and Petersson, 2005). This has particularly been present in athletes who took AAS orally (Lombardo et al., 1991). Rockhold (1993) reported high-density lipoproteins (HDL) fell by 22%. The reduction in HDL have been linked with an increasing risk of cardiovascular disease (Wagner, 1991). In terms of blood clotting many animal studies suggest a relationship between AAS dosages and the clotting of blood. The clotting of blood results in several conditions, such as stroke. So far, during study only one death has come from a stroke-linked death (Lombardo et al., 1991). In relation to the liver. Peliosis hepatitis is associated with orally ingested AAS in particular. Tumours can also be caused, though rare. Tumour rupture ultimately prove fatal (Friedl, 2000). Liver failure occurs in extreme cases (Evans, 2004). In men high doses result in quantity and quality of sperm being greatly reduced (Torres et al., 2001). Testicular atrophy ultimately results if long term use continues. There is very little research exploring AAS and the reproductive system of women. Hartgens and Kuipers (2004) showed an increase in clitoral size, reduction in breast size and uncommon menstrual irregularities. Parssinen and Seppala (2002) found that acne and loss of hair were very common dermatological effects in men of using AAS. All effects have been shown to be fully reversible within several months of the dosage being ceased (Friedl, 2000). Haff and the NSCA stated that the effect of long term use of excessive high doses of AAS is virtually unknown. Parssinen and Seppala (2002) conducted a study that followed the participants of the Finnish powerlifting competition in 1977 for a period of 12 years. Premature death was 4.6 higher in these participants than the average population of Finland. As powerlifting does not cause mortality, AAS was widely blamed. 2.3 Psychological effects Psychological and behavioural changes in participants, such as increased aggressiveness and irritability have been presented by Goldman et al., (1984) and Wright (1982). Several reports (Pope and Katz, 1987) suggest that AAS causes clinical depression amongst many other mental disorders. While Schulte, Hall and Boyer (1993) studied one male taking AAS over a four-month period. The subject was observed to become aggressive towards his wife and child. No previous aggressive behaviour had previously been recorded. Steroid abuse would appear to make subjects aggressive and depressed as well as easily irritated. Out of one million or more steroid users within the U.S. in 1993 only an extremely small percentage experience enough disturbances to result in clincical treatment (Yesalis, Kennedy, Kopstein Bahrke, 1993). In terms of psychological benefits it is believed that an improvement in physical looks, as well as the enjoyment of winning would boost confidence as well as a short period of happiness. This however is not a direct effect of AAS and simply an effect of winning and hard work that can be achieved by other means. A summary of all effects found can be found in Appendix two. 2.4 Numbers using anabolic steroids Highest levels of use of AS have been attributed to American football players, weightlifters, powerlifters and bodybuilders since the 1960s (Yesalis, Courson Wright, 2000). Several studies were carried out throughout many years, categorised as: adolescent, college and athlete studies. In 1987 the first national study occurred in the U.S. at adolescent school level by Buckley et al., (1988). Investigations discovered that 6.6% of male school children were/or had taken AAS. 38% of this 6.6% population had taken the performance enhancing substance before the age of 16. In the mid 1990s these findings were confirmed by multiple state studies carried out. Whilst the more prevalent studies have been carried out within the U.S. it is important to note that many other studies in Britain, Sweden and Canada have also taken place. Showing a 1.2 – 5.9% generalised usage (Williamson, 1993). Amoung college atheletes Anderson et al., (1985 – 1993) and the NCAA (1997, 2001) conducted a series of five surveys on both males and females. Finding that steroid use had seemingly dropped from 4.9% in 1985 to 1.4% in 2001. However Yesalis et al., (1990) believed that athletes were lying about their use. Yesalis used indirect questions aimed at others around the performers to divulge such information. A massive 14.7% usage in all sports was recorded when asking others, compared to roughly 4.9% when the performers themselves were asked. In terms of the professional athlete many researchers used the Olympics (both summer and winter) as a base for their study as it is the pinnacle of all sports. Silvester (1993) surveyed athletes in the 1972 olympics in Munich. It was found that 68% of all the track and field athletes admitted using AAS. Widespread athlete usage was supported when in the 1992 Winter Olympics 80% admitted AAS use (Pearson and Hanson,1992) while 75% of medallists admitted the use (Pearson, 1994). Due the illegalisation, by WADA and the IOC, of all drugs these findings are now deemed useless as often any athlete who attempts the use of AAS is caught, for example British athlete Dwain Chambers, who received a two-year ban from the sport. Chapter three: Conclusions In conclusion it has been widely demonstrated and acknowledged recently that a high dose of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, when coupled with a healthy diet and effective training program, improve a performer’s strength and muscular size, and decrease levels of fats and muscle catabolism. Thus resulting in an overall improvement in sporting performance in almost all sporting events. The continued use of AAS can also be associated with a variety of health problems, both physically and psychologically, that outweigh the positive effects. Due to the cycling requirement and short-term damage caused deemed unacceptable, much more research needs to be undertaken to fully investigate the long term effects of high-level doses. AAS has ultimately been banned by the IOC and many other leading sporting organisations to protect the health of their athletes. Whilst this is the case many performers still increasingly chose to take them in some form to gain ‘the edge’ over their opposition. There are many other socially acceptable ergogenic aids available to sports performers, such as creatine. It has been estimated that creatine is used by up to 99 percent of elite athletes in today’s world, thus deeming it socially acceptable and fair. If 99 percent of elite athletes used anabolic steroids would they also be deemed fair also? Figure 1.0: Mechanism of Anabolic Steroid effect References American Dietetic Association, Dieticians of Canada and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. (2000) Journal of American Dietetic Association. 160: 1543-1553 Anderson, W., Altrecht, M. McKeag, (1993) D. Second replication of a national study of substance use and abuse of habits of college student athletes. Final Report. NCAA Bahrke, M.S. (2000). Psychological effects of endogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. 247-278. Yesalis, C. Bahrke, M. (2002).M. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Related Substances. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 4:246-252, Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Philips, J., Burnnell, T.J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., Casaburi, R. (1996). The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J med. 335:1-7. Buckley, W.E., Yesalis, C.E., Friedl, K.E., Anderson, W.A., Streit, A.L. Wright, J.E. (1988). Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors. Journal of the American Medical Association. 200(23): 3441-3445. Celotti, F. Negri-Cesi, P. (1992). Anabolic steroids: a review of their effects on muscle. 146:823-828. Evans, N.A. (2004). Current concepts in anabolic-androgenic steroids. AM J sports med. 32:534-542. Friedl, K.E. (2000). Performance enhancing substances. Human kinetics. 209-228 Goldman, B., Bush, P. Klatz, R. (1984). Death in the locker room, Steroids in sport. South bend, IN, Icarus Press Hall, R.C. (2006). Abuse of supraphysiological doses of anabolic steroids. South med J. 98:550-555. Haff, G.G. (2006). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. NSCA’s performance training journal. 7-14. Herbert, Hapt Rovere (1984) Herbst, K.L. Bhasin, S. (2004). Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Current opinion on clinical nutrition and metabolic care. 7:271-720. Kochakian, C.D., Yesalis, C.E. (2000). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: a historical perspective anddefinition. In C.E. Yesalis (Ed.), Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. (pp. 17-49). Kuhn, C. (2002). Anabolic steroids, recent progress in hormone research, 57:411-434 Lombardo, J.A., Hickson, P.C. Lamb, D.R. (1991). Anabolic/Androgenic steroids and growth hormone. Exercise science and sports med. Vol 4:249-278 McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. (2010). Protein requirements. Essentials of exercise physiology. National Collegiate Athletic Association Research Staff. (2000). NCAA study of substance use and habits of college student athletes. Indianapolis. Parssinen, M. Seppale, T. (2002). Steroid use and long term health risks in former athletes. Sports med 32. 83-94 Pearson, R. (1994). Olympic survey: Olympians winters past. U.S.A. Today Pearson, R. Hanson R. (1992). Survey of U.S. Olympians. U.S.A. Today. Pope, H.G. Klatz, D.L. (1987). Bodybuilders Psychosis. Lancet, 1: 863 Quinn 2010 taken from the sports medicine website: http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/performanceenhancingdrugs/a/AnabolicSteroid.htm Rockhold, R. (1993). Cardiovascular toxicity of anabolic steroids. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 33:497-520. Rogol, A.D. Yesalis, C.E. (1992). Anabolic-Androgenic steroids and athletes: What are the issuesJournal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 74:465-469. Schulte, H.M., Hall, M.J. Boyer, M. (1993). Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse. AM J psychitar. 150:348 Silvester, L. (1973). Anabolic steroids at the 1972 Olympics. Scholastic Coach, 43: 90-92 Quotation taken from unnamed author from: www.steroid.com Thiblin, I. Petersson, A. (2005). Pharmacoepidermiology of anabolic steroids: a review. Fundam clin pharmacol. 19:27-44 Tolliver, J. (1998). Anabolic steroid black market in the U.S. Paper presented at drugs and athletes: A multidisciplinary symposim. Torres-Calleja, J., De Celis, R., Gonzalez, M., Nuevo, N. (2001). Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on semen parameters and hormone levels in bodybuilders. 74:1055-1056 Yesalis, C. (1934). Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. Preface. Yesalis, C., Buckley, W., Anderson, W., Wang, M.D., Norwig, J.H., Ott, G., Puffer, J.C. Strauss, R.H. (1990). Athletics’ projections of anabolic steroid use. Clinical sports medicine,- 2:155-171 Yesalis, C.E., Courson, S.P., Wright, J.E. (2000). History of anabolic steroid use in sport and exercise. Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise, 2nd ed. pp51-71. Wagner, J.C. (1991). Enhancement of athletic performance with drugs. Sports Med. 12:250-265. Williamson, D.J. (1993). Anabolic steroid use among students at a British College of technology. British Journal of sports medicine, 27:200-201 Wright, J. (1980). Steroids and athletics. Exercise and sports sciences reviews. 8:149-202. Wright, J. (1982). Anabolic steroids and sport II. Natick, MA: Sports science consultants How to cite What are the risks of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) within sport?, Essay examples

“Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes Why or Why Not Discuss the Factors That Affect Whether Behavioral Follows from Attitude and Are It Different in the Asian Context. Essay Example For Students

â€Å"Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? Why or Why Not? Discuss the Factors That Affect Whether Behavioral Follows from Attitude and Are It Different in the Asian Context. Essay In the world that we live in today, every individual is very unique. Their life style, hobbies, interests, likes and dislikes and many other characteristics, the way they portrait it is very differently, even each and everyone in a family will also have different characters or personality. The behavior of a person is hard to be predict if we do not understand them. So what we need to do to understand more about a person’s behavior is to study their thoughts. By understanding it, we may know their attitude, and can predict the behavior of peoples. It help us to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. The factors that may influence organizational includes individuals and group behaviour. Quite some of the research on organizational behavior is ultimately aimed at providing human resource management professionals with the information and tools they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion that yields maximum benefit for the individual employee as well as for the organization. Organizations today are facing challenges that comes from their employees. That is the behaviour of their employees. The organizations want to have more understanding of their employees, so that can predict their behaviour. Besides, organizations also try to change their employees’ mind set into more positive side. By doing this, it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees and this will bring benefit to the organizations. By understanding this, we will be able to improve the employees’ satisfaction in organization and meet the requirement of the organizations as well. Attitude can be defined as a predisposition to respond to a stimulus, that is something in a person’s environment such as an event, thing, place, or another person, in a positive or negative way (M. Fishbein, I. Ajzen, 1975). For example, when we speak of a positive job attitude, we mean that the person involved tend to have pleasant internal feelings when they think about their jobs. Attitudes can be see as a favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior. Sometimes people refers its as the ABC’s of attitudes, that is affection, behavioral, and cognitive. An affective component includes beliefs and knowledge about and evaluations of the stimulus. The affective component refers to our feelings, the emotional part of the attitude. Finally, an attitude’s behavioral component is the inclination to behave in a certain way as a response to one’s feelings and cognitions. In a workplace, a person’s attitudes are very important determinant of performance related behaviors, such as the quantity and quality of output, organizational commitment, absenteeism, turnover, and a host fo other important outcomes. On general level, a person’s attitudes influence that individual to act in a particular way (J. Cooper, R. T Croyle, 1984). Of course, whether an attitude actually produces a particular behavior depends on a number of factors such as family and peer pressures, past and present work experiences, and group norms. For instance, people may dislike what they are doing but hold back their effort because of a lack of perceived rewards or pressure from co-workers. In this example, an employee didn’t get a promotion he thought he deserved; a coworker got it instead. The employee’s attitude toward his supervisor is illustrated as follows: cognition (the employee though he deserved the promotion), affect (the employee strongly dislikes his supervisor), and behavior (the employee is looking for another job). As we previously noted, although we often think that cognition causes affect then causes behavior, in reality these components are often difficult to separate. We can see this kind of phenomenon around us. Its happening to ourselves and many others. Normally before people react, they will be thinking for a moment about the cause and effect of their actions. Besides that, the emotion that people having during that particular time when thinking, will also affect the outcome of the behavior. Behaviour is quite simply, it is the way we act, the things we do and say, like facial expressions, hand gestures, eye contact, and word choices. Generally speaking, behaviour follows attitude. We tend to behave the way we feel, think and belief. In organizations, attitudes are important because of their behavioral component. If worker believes, for example, that supervisors, auditors, bosses and time-and-motion engineers are all in conspiracy to make employees ork harder for the same or less money sense to try to understand how these attitudes were formed, their relationship to actual job behavior and how they might be changed. Isn’t it logical that people watch television programs that they say they like or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful. Attitudes that individuals consider important tend to show a strong relatio nship to behavior. The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behavior, the stronger is the link between the two. For instance asking someone specifically about his or her intention to stay with the organization for the next 6 months is likely to better predict turnover for that person than if you asked him or her how satisfied he or she was with his or her pay. Attitudes that are easily remembered are more likely to predict behavior than attitudes that are not accessible in memory. Interestingly you are more likely to remember attitudes that are frequently expressed. So the more you talk about your attitude on a subject, the more you are likely to remember it, and the more likely it is to shape your behavior. Internet Shopping - Good or Bad? EssayFor instance, countries like Australia, the people expect and accept power relations that are more consultative and democratic. They sees equality in one another regardless of the formal positions. This shows us the way people perceive power differences. Secondly, individualism refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high individualism indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high individualism, there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low individualism would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each others well being (G. Hofstede, 1991). Country like U. S, they have high individualism practice. Individuals would strive to achieve their goals individually. They don’t play in a team. The Japanese are different from Americans, Japanese people will work in a team to achieve something. Masculinity refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High masculinity are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low masculinity scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low masculinity society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success. Japan is high masculinity country whereas Sweden is low masculinity country. According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was balanced in terms of skill rather than gender. The fourth is the uncertainty avoidance. It refer to how much members of a society are anxious about the unknown, and as a consequence, attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. For examples, Country that have high uncertainty avoidance such as Germany. Germans are not to keen on uncertainty, by planning everything carefully they try to avoid the uncertainty. In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. In the other hand, countries such as Singapore and Malaysia have low uncertainty avoidance that favour managers who take more risks, have fewer written rules, offer less-structured activities and experience higher labour turnover. The last dimension is long-term orientation (G. Hofstede, 1991). A long term orientation is characterized by persistence and perseverance, a respect for a hierarchy of the status of relationships, thrift, and a sense of shame. Those countries include China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Whereas short-term orientation is marked by a sense of security and stability, a protection of one’s reputation, a respect for tradition, and a reciprocation of greetings; favors and gifts, and the countries include Britain, Canada, and Germany. These few dimensions are part of the factors that affect attitude and behaviours. Besides, it also shows that generally the Western contexts are different from the Asian contexts. As discussed above, there are some factors that will affect behavioral follows from attitude. Using the Hofstede’s Five Dimensions theory, and Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance theory, show use that Attitude and behavior can be affect by each other. We also discussed that the differences in the culture will have different attitude and behavior, which can be seen in the Hofstede’s theory. The contexts between Asian and the Western are differ. Besides, Festinger theory also tells us that attitude can be change by behaviors. Behavior can be generally said as it follows from attitude. Just that some of the time it will be the reversal. It just depend on the individual. REFERENCES 1. George A. Milite, 2001, Festinger, Leon(1919-1989), viewed 1 August 2010, http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000466/? tag=content;col1 2. FESTINGER, Leon, 1957, A theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson. 3. A. F Buono, J. L. Bowditch, 2003, The Human Side of Mergers and Acquisitions: Managing Collisions between People, Cultures, and Organizations, Beard Books, Washington, D. C. 4. G. Hofstefe, 1980, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. . W. J. McGuire, 1966, Cognitive Consistency: Motivation Antecedents and Behavioral Consequences, in S. Feldma, New York. 6. viewed on 2 August, 7. J. Cooper, R. T. Croyle, 1984, Attitude and Attitude Change, Random House, New York. 8. M. Fishbein, I. Ajzen, 1975, Belief, Attitudem Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, MA: Addison, Wesley. 9. G. Hofstede, 1991, Cultu res and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, New York. 10. L. Festinger, 1957, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

NSA Spying free essay sample

The NSA is the United States security agency. It has many spying capabilities and many people are worried about them. I personally am not that worried about the NSA. The NSA is keeping the United States safe from foreign aggresors and also protecting domestic terrorism. Edward Snowden, a former agenency contractor, leaked some information about the NSA and has gotten people upset about their rights. They have been breaking peoples rights since 1952, but back then no one was complaining. Whether people like it or not, they are constantly spying on them. It honestly does not concern me because due to the fact I am not a terrorist or anyone that does harm. If the NSA is invading your rights, you can try to stop them but in reality, you are doing nothing. Even if the U. S. decides to stop the National Security Agency they will still be spying on you. We will write a custom essay sample on NSA Spying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The NSA is not going to snoop around your emails and look at your selfies. They are protecting the U. S from foreign and domestic affairs. Even though they missed the bombings recently does not mean it is not useful. If the U. S removed the NSA completely, we would be open to invasion and more affairs. The article is biased and is trying to look at all the bad things. Would you rather have protection in the exchange of your rights or would you have no protection in exchange for your life? The NSA makes me feel safe and does not worry me much. In The Open Window the mood starts off pleasant and full of hospitality, but then the mood turns sinister as readers learn of a dark illness that supposedly lies in the aunt but when it is revealed that the niece was lying it turns the mood by making the readers feel a sense of violation because the story really has the reader believing the niece up to the climax. In â€Å"swimming to Antarctica† – the mood starts of with the readers feeling the anticipation of the swim. There is fear mainly of the unknown but when the swim starts the mood turns desperate the cold water sapping her strength slowly hijacking her nerves, which turns the mood into a more alarming state, but when she pulls through the mood turns into victory Swimming to Antarctica, by Lynne Cox, the author uses a First-person point of view. What this is a narrative device whereby the narrator is speaking for and about himself or herself. The story is set in the English country house of Mrs. Sappleton. The home has a huge window which allows Vera to make up the fanciful tale of how Mr. Sappleton and his hunting party left one day, never to return. Framton Nuttel has been sent to the country to rest his nerves, but Veras tale and subsequent events make that impossible. The setting of Swimming to Antarctica is the frigid Salt water of the Antarctica Surrounded by glaciers. With close encounters with wildlife such as penguins. The Open Window, by Saki, the author uses a third-person omniscient point of view. What this means is that the narrator is a not a part of the story but can share what the characters are thinking and feeling. The reader learns about the characters from the third-person narrator as the narrator conveys what the characters are thinking and feeling in the short story: For the most part, the narrator shares Framton Nuttels point of view. He is the one who is nervous, calling upon strangers. He is the one who sits and listens to Veras tall tale, not knowing it is a far-fetched story. He is the one who believes Veras tall tale. In the short story, In The Open Window, Exposition is when Mr. Nuttel is thinking to himself and Introducing himself and his reason of visiting the Sappelton home Rising action occurs as Frampton Nuttel arrives at the Sappleton home and is told the story by Vera, Mrs. Sappletons niece. She explains to him in great detail that the window remains open as a memorial in waiting. Her aunt expects the return of her husbands hunting party which was lost in the marsh. Vera is very convincing in her story, she has Mr. Nuttel scared to death and convinced that Mrs. Sappleton is insane. Climax of the story is when Mrs. Sappleton announces that she sees her husband and brothers coming towards the house. Resolution of the story occurs as Mrs. Sappleton, puzzled by Mr. Nuttels hasty departure from her home, is told by Vera that he ran out of the house because of the dog that was approaching the house. You see, said Vera in the resolution, he told me he was terrified of dogs. IN Swimming to Antarctica Exposition- Lynne Cox introduces herself and the task she is about to undertake Rising Action- Lynne Cox enters the frigid water and begins feeling despair Climax- She reaches the Beach amid all odds Falling Action- She is being cheered on by her fans and supporters Resolution- she has now swam a mile in the Freezing waters of the Antarctic In the Open Window- Mr. Nuttel has a truth that the Sappleton household had faced a tragic event in which the loss of Mr. Sappleton and his hunting party. But in reality the hunting party had left that morning and was in fact alive In Swimming to Antarctica, Lynne Cox Believes that she cant do physical harm ad the dangers of swimming the Antarctic was inconsequential, Later does she learn that the Cold water has done nerve damage and the danger were